If you’re looking for the best bedpans for bedridden patients, I understand how important comfort, hygiene, and ease of use are. From durable, easy-to-clean models with spill-proof guards to portable inflatable options, there’s a wide range to suit different needs. Whether for home or clinical settings, these options support stable, hygienic, and comfortable care. Keep going, and you’ll discover details about the top choices that make caregiving simpler and safer.
Key Takeaways
- Highlights features of various bedpans, including materials, shapes, and special designs for comfort and hygiene.
- Explains safety features like spill-proof guards, handles, and anti-splash designs for user security.
- Covers suitable settings and patient types, including bariatric, fracture, and portable options for different needs.
- Discusses durability, sterilization, cleaning, and cost considerations for long-term use and hygiene maintenance.
- Emphasizes portability, storage, and compatibility with mobility aids for ease of handling and convenience.
MINIVON Bedpan Set with Disposable Liners, Absorbent Pads & Gloves
If you’re caring for an elderly or bedridden patient, the MINIVON Bedpan Set is a top choice because it combines comfort, safety, and convenience. Made from durable, thick plastic, it supports up to 220 lbs and features a smooth surface for easy cleaning. The set includes disposable liners, super absorbent pads, and gloves, making cleanup simple and hygienic. Its large, ergonomic design fits most users comfortably, with anti-spill features to prevent messes. Perfect for home, hospital, or on-the-go use, this set guarantees dignity and reduces odor, making caregiving less stressful and more efficient.
Best For: Elderly, bedridden, or mobility-challenged patients requiring safe, hygienic toileting solutions at home, hospital, or on-the-go.
Pros:
- Durable, high-quality plastic construction supports up to 220 lbs for reliable use.
- Includes disposable liners, super absorbent pads, and gloves for quick, hygienic cleanup.
- Large, ergonomic design with anti-spill features ensures comfort and minimizes messes.
Cons:
- May be bulkier than some portable alternatives, requiring more storage space.
- Disposables and accessories add ongoing replacement costs.
- Not suitable for users requiring specialized or larger toileting devices.
ONEDONE Heavy Duty Bedpan for Elderly and Bedridden Patients
The ONEDONE Heavy Duty Bedpan stands out as an excellent choice for elderly and bedridden patients, thanks to its high-quality, durable PP material that guarantees long-lasting use. Its contoured shape offers added comfort, while the smooth, non-stick surface makes cleaning quick and easy. Designed for both hospital and home settings, it accommodates males and females comfortably. Safety is a priority, with anti-spill and anti-splash features that prevent messes and promote hygiene. Plus, it’s simple to maintain, functioning as a female urinal if needed, making it a versatile and reliable option for those who need regular assistance.
Best For: elderly and bedridden patients requiring a durable, comfortable, and hygienic bedpan for use at home or in hospital settings.
Pros:
- Made from high-quality, durable PP material for long-lasting use
- Contoured shape and smooth surface provide enhanced comfort and easy cleaning
- Features anti-spill and anti-splash designs to ensure safety and hygiene
Cons:
- May be less suitable for patients with very specific size or shape needs
- Cleaning may require standard household cleaners, which might not be suitable for all disinfectants
- Some users might find the contoured design less versatile for certain positioning requirements
PEPE Mobility Bed Pans for Elderly Females
PEPE Mobility Bed Pans are an excellent choice for elderly women who need a comfortable and hygienic solution for managing bathroom needs while confined to bed. Designed with an anatomical wedge shape, it prevents spills and reduces discomfort, while the circular 2-liter tank guarantees ample capacity. The handle grip makes positioning easy and safe, promoting independence. Its portable size, measuring just 16.8 x 11 x 4.15 cm, allows convenient storage under beds and quick access when needed. Made for easy cleaning with water and soap, this bedpan is suitable for home, hospital, or nursing home use, providing a practical, hygienic solution for daily needs.
Best For: elderly women who are bedridden or have limited mobility and need a hygienic, easy-to-use solution for bathroom needs.
Pros:
- Anatomical wedge shape prevents spills and enhances comfort
- Handle grip allows safe and easy positioning
- Compact size enables convenient storage and quick access
Cons:
- Requires regular cleaning after each use for hygiene
- May be less suitable for individuals with severe mobility restrictions
- Limited capacity (2 liters) might necessitate frequent emptying in some cases
Urinals for Men Glow in The Dark Lid by Tilcare (1 Pack)
For those caring for bedridden patients or individuals with mobility challenges, the Urinals for Men Glow in The Dark Lid by Tilcare offers unmatched convenience. Its glow-in-the-dark lid makes nighttime use safer and easier, while the patented design ensures a comfortable fit on most bedrails. Made from durable, high-quality plastic, it’s built to last and withstand regular use. The screw-on spill-proof lid prevents leaks, providing peace of mind. Compact and portable, it’s ideal for travel or bedside use. With a 32oz capacity and a 30-day guarantee, this urinal combines practicality, hygiene, and ease for both caregivers and users.
Best For: caregivers, elderly individuals, and travelers who need a reliable, spill-proof urinal with nighttime visibility.
Pros:
- Glow-in-the-dark lid enhances visibility for easy nighttime use
- Sealed screw-on lid prevents leaks and spills
- Durable, high-quality plastic ensures long-lasting use
Cons:
- May not fit all bedrail sizes perfectly despite the patented design
- Slightly larger capacity might be cumbersome for some users
- Limited color options, as only the glow-in-the-dark version is available
Vakly Fracture Bedpan with Spill-Free Guard for Bedridden Patients
If you’re looking for a reliable bedpan that offers maximum safety and cleanliness, the Vakly Fracture Bedpan with Spill-Free Guard is an excellent choice for bedridden patients of all ages. Its fractured shape with a smooth tapered front guard makes sliding it easily under the body simple and comfortable. Made from durable plastic, it’s built for repeated use, and the built-in handle ensures easy placement and removal. The wide guard prevents spills during use and disposal, enhancing safety. Plus, the smooth, nonstick surface makes cleaning straightforward. This professional-grade bedpan is perfect for home, hospital, or assisted living settings, providing a hygienic, portable solution.
Best For: bedridden patients of all ages requiring a safe, hygienic, and portable bedpan solution.
Pros:
- Fractured shape with tapered guard for easy sliding and comfortable use
- Spill-free guard design enhances safety and cleanliness during disposal
- Durable, nonstick surface allows for easy cleaning and repeated use
Cons:
- May be less suitable for patients with specific medical needs requiring specialized equipment
- The size may not accommodate larger or more mobile patients who may prefer different options
- Requires proper handling to prevent accidental spills during placement and removal
Firm Thick Stable PP Bedpan for Bed-Bound Patients (Blue)
When caring for heavy or immobile patients, a reliable bedpan is essential, and the Firm Thick Stable PP Bedpan in Blue stands out by offering exceptional durability and stability. Made from high-quality polypropylene, it’s designed for heavy-duty use, supporting up to 100kg (220lbs). Its smooth, contoured edges ensure comfort, while the anti-spill feature minimizes messes. The sturdy construction provides safety and support during use, and the non-porous surface makes cleaning easy. Plus, it’s reusable, autoclavable, and boil-safe up to 275°F, making it a hygienic, long-lasting choice for hospitals, nursing homes, or home care.
Best For: patients who are heavy, immobile, or require stable, comfortable, and hygienic toileting solutions in hospitals, nursing homes, or home care settings.
Pros:
- Extremely durable and capable of supporting up to 100kg (220lbs).
- Easy to clean, sterilize, and maintain, ensuring hygiene and longevity.
- Designed with comfort in mind, featuring smooth, contoured edges and anti-spill features.
Cons:
- Slightly larger size may be less discreet or convenient for some users.
- Heavier weight compared to lightweight plastic bedpans, potentially harder to handle for caregivers.
- Limited color options, primarily available in blue.
Vakly Heavy Duty Fracture Bedpan for Bedridden Patients
The Vakly Heavy Duty Fracture Bedpan stands out as an excellent choice for bariatric and fracture patients who require a sturdy, reliable solution. It’s extra large, measuring 17.5 inches long and 16 inches wide, with a capacity of up to 900 pounds, making it suitable for heavy or immobile users. The smooth, nonstick surface is easy to clean with household cleaners, ensuring hygiene and convenience. Its tapered front guard allows easy sliding under patients, while the anti-splash guard minimizes spills. Overall, this bedpan offers durability, user comfort, and hygiene, making it a dependable option for managing incontinence in challenging cases.
Best For: bariatric and fracture patients who require a heavy-duty, hygienic, and easy-to-clean bedpan for incontinence management.
Pros:
- Extra large size with a 900-pound capacity for heavy or immobile users
- Smooth, nonstick surface for easy cleaning with household cleaners
- Tapered front guard and anti-splash guard for ease of use and spill minimization
Cons:
- May be too large for patients with limited space or mobility concerns
- Heavier weight could be more challenging to handle for some caregivers
- Not designed with additional ergonomic features for enhanced comfort
Inflatable Bedpan for Bedridden Patients (Blue-S Size)
The Inflatable Bedpan for Bedridden Patients (Blue-S Size) stands out as an ideal choice for individuals who require a lightweight, portable, and comfortable restroom solution. Made of durable PVC with smooth edges, it prevents skin tears and hip injuries, ensuring safety. Its foldable design makes it easy to store, while the built-in inflator allows quick inflation for convenience. Suitable for use in beds, chairs, or wheelchairs, this bedpan offers comfort and safety for incontinence, paralysis, or elderly patients. Its portability and ease of use make it a practical option for home care or clinical settings, supporting independence and hygiene.
Best For: individuals who are bedridden, elderly, or have limited mobility requiring a safe, comfortable, and portable restroom solution.
Pros:
- Made of durable PVC with smooth edges to prevent skin injuries
- Foldable and lightweight for easy storage and transport
- Equipped with an inflator for quick and convenient inflation
Cons:
- May require regular cleaning and maintenance to ensure hygiene
- Limited size options may not fit all users comfortably
- Not suitable for prolonged use without proper hygiene practices
Vakly Heavy Duty Bariatric Bedpan, Large Contoured Bed Pan for Bedbound Patients
If you’re caring for heavier, bedridden patients, the Vakly Heavy Duty Bariatric Bedpan is an excellent choice due to its robust construction and high weight capacity. Made from durable plastic, it supports up to 450 lbs, making it suitable for larger patients. Its large, contoured shape provides comfort by fitting naturally to the body’s curves, while the tapered front allows easy sliding under patients. Versatile and easy to clean, it can be used as a standard bedpan, female urinal, or specimen collector. Its stackable design makes storage simple, and it performs well in hospitals, nursing homes, or home care settings.
Best For: caregivers and healthcare providers caring for heavier, bedridden patients who need a durable, comfortable, and hygienic toileting solution.
Pros:
- Supports up to 450 lbs, suitable for larger patients.
- Made from durable, easy-to-clean plastic with a contoured, comfortable design.
- Versatile use as a bedpan, female urinal, or specimen collector, with stackable storage.
Cons:
- May be heavier than standard bedpans due to its heavy-duty construction.
- Requires proper cleaning to maintain hygiene, which could be time-consuming for some users.
- The large size may require more storage space in smaller care facilities or homes.
Unisex Portable Urine Potty with Lid and Funnel
A standout choice for caregivers and patients needing a versatile solution is the Unisex Portable Urine Potty with Lid and Funnel. This urinal boasts a 2000 ml capacity with clear measurement markings, making it easy to monitor output. Its upgraded unisex funnel and soft rubber edging ensure comfort and compliance. The 2-in-1 design, with a detachable tube for males and connected tube for unisex use, adds flexibility. Its wide base prevents tipping and spills, while the portable handle makes it easy to carry. The detachable lid controls odors and simplifies cleaning. Reusable and safe, it’s ideal for bedbound patients, travel, or camping.
Best For: caregivers and patients needing a versatile, portable, and easy-to-clean urine collection solution for bedbound individuals, travel, or camping.
Pros:
- Large 2000 ml capacity with clear measurement scale for accurate monitoring
- Upgraded unisex funnel and soft rubber edging for enhanced comfort and compliance
- Portable design with a stable wide base and easy-to-grip handle for convenience
Cons:
- May require thorough cleaning after each use to prevent odors
- Detachable components could be misplaced if not handled carefully
- Not suitable for users with specific medical conditions requiring specialized devices
Portable Fracture Bedpan with Handle for Bedridden Patients (3 Pack)
Designed specifically for immobile and bedridden patients, the Portable Fracture Bedpan with Handle offers a practical solution that combines durability and ease of use. Its fractured shape and smooth tapered front guard make sliding it beneath the patient simple and comfortable. Made from strong, long-lasting plastic, it features a built-in handle for secure grip and repeated use. The nonstick surface ensures quick, hassle-free cleaning with standard household cleaners. A wide plastic guard prevents spills during removal, promoting safety and hygiene. Perfect for home, hospital, or on-the-go, this 3-pack provides reliable, convenient support for patient care.
Best For: bedridden and immobile patients of all ages who require a reliable, hygienic, and easy-to-use bedpan for daily use.
Pros:
- Durable plastic construction ensures long-lasting performance.
- Nonstick surface allows for quick and easy cleaning with standard household cleaners.
- Built-in handle provides a secure grip for safe, spill-free removal and transport.
Cons:
- May be less suitable for patients with very limited mobility who need additional support.
- The fractured shape might require some adjustment for optimal comfort during use.
- Not designed for single-use; requires proper cleaning after each use.
Medline Mega-Fracture Bariatric Bedpans, 80-oz, Graphite (Pack of 4)
For caregivers managing bariatric or severely immobile patients, the Medline Mega-Fracture Bariatric Bedpans stand out due to their impressive 80-ounce capacity and durable construction. Designed specifically for home healthcare, these bedpans can support users weighing up to 900 pounds, ensuring safety and reliability. The tapered front makes sliding the bedpan easier, while the loop handle allows for effortless maneuvering. Their nonstick, easy-clean surface enhances hygiene and simplifies maintenance. Packaged in a set of four, these bedpans are an excellent choice for caregivers needing dependable, high-capacity solutions for bariatric patients.
Best For: caregivers managing bariatric or severely immobile patients who require high-capacity, durable, and easy-to-clean bedpans.
Pros:
- Supports user weight up to 900 lbs, ensuring safety and durability
- Large 80 oz capacity minimizes the need for frequent emptying
- Tapered front and loop handle facilitate easy sliding and maneuvering
Cons:
- Packaged in a set of four, which may be more than needed for some users
- Nonstick surface may require specific cleaning methods to maintain hygiene
- Designed primarily for home healthcare, possibly less suitable for institutional use
Large Size Bed Pan Set with Liners and Gloves
If you’re caring for an elderly, injured, or mobility-limited individual, the Large Size Bed Pan Set with Liners and Gloves offers a practical solution that prioritizes hygiene and comfort. Made from durable, heavy-duty polypropylene, it’s oversized and deep-bottomed to prevent leaks and contact with contaminants. The splash-proof design ensures spill-free use, while compatible liners make cleanup easy and hygienic. The set includes thickened gloves for safe handling, promoting safety and cleanliness. Its large capacity and simple placement near the bed provide convenience, reducing discomfort for users and caregivers alike. This set combines reliability, comfort, and hygiene to meet diverse caregiving needs effectively.
Best For: caregivers and healthcare providers assisting elderly, injured, or mobility-limited individuals requiring hygienic and comfortable in-bed toileting solutions.
Pros:
- Made from durable, heavy-duty polypropylene for long-term use and reliability
- Splash-proof design and large capacity prevent spills and contact with contaminants
- Comes with liners and thickened gloves for hygienic, safe handling and easy cleanup
Cons:
- Oversized bedpan may be less suitable for users with limited space or specific ergonomic needs
- Thickened gloves, while hygienic, may reduce dexterity or flexibility during handling
- Set may be more costly compared to basic bedpan options without additional accessories
Bedridden Male Urinal Device (Reusable, Inflatable Pan, 14×8×1)
The Bedridden Male Urinal Device with a reusable, inflatable pan offers a practical solution for elderly or disabled men who need assistance with urinary needs. Its 14×8×1-inch size, inflatable mouth, and expandable design guarantee a snug fit and easy use. The thick plastic bottom provides stability and durability, supporting long-term use. Designed with ergonomic pressure relief that conforms to buttock curves, it helps prevent bedsores and maintains comfort. The foldable, space-saving structure makes it easy to store and transport. Plus, the retractable inflation nozzle allows for height adjustments, making the device adaptable and simple to operate, ensuring dignity and convenience for the user.
Best For: bedridden elderly or disabled men who require a reliable, comfortable, and hygienic urinary management solution.
Pros:
- Ergonomic design provides pressure relief and helps prevent bedsores.
- Reusable and inflatable, allowing easy storage, transport, and adjustable comfort.
- Durable thick plastic bottom ensures stability and long-term use.
Cons:
- May require assistance for proper inflation and placement.
- Inflatable components might be prone to leaks if not carefully maintained.
- Not suitable for users with severe mobility or positioning issues that prevent proper device fitting.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Bedpans for Bedridden
When selecting a bedpan, I look at features that ensure comfort and safety for the user. It’s important to consider durability, size, and spill prevention to make sure it meets specific needs. Easy cleaning is also crucial to maintain hygiene and simplify daily use.
User Comfort Features
Have you ever considered how much comfort plays a role in choosing the right bedpan? It’s vital because comfort affects a patient’s dignity and overall experience. A well-designed bedpan should conform to natural body curves, providing better support and reducing discomfort during use. A larger capacity and deep design help prevent spills, which boosts confidence and makes the process less stressful. Features like anti-splash and anti-spill functions keep messes to a minimum, promoting hygiene and ease of cleaning. Soft, smooth surfaces are essential for sensitive or fragile skin, preventing irritation. Ergonomic handles or grips make positioning and removal easier, reducing strain on both the patient and caregiver. Prioritizing these comfort features ensures a more respectful, comfortable experience for everyone involved.
Material Durability & Safety
Choosing a durable and safe bedpan starts with selecting high-quality materials like thick plastic or polypropylene that can handle repeated use without cracking or breaking. These materials must withstand frequent cleaning, including sterilization at high temperatures up to 275°F, to guarantee hygiene and safety. Look for bedpans with smooth, non-porous surfaces that resist bacterial buildup and make cleaning straightforward. Reinforced edges and spill-proof features are essential to prevent leaks and contamination, especially during transfers or emptying. Additionally, confirm the material supports the user’s weight, ideally up to 220 lbs or more, providing stability and safety. Investing in a sturdy, well-made bedpan minimizes risks and enhances the overall experience for both caregivers and patients.
Size and Capacity Needs
Selecting the right bedpan size and capacity is essential to guarantee comfort and functionality for bedridden patients. I recommend choosing a size that comfortably fits the patient’s body to avoid discomfort or accidental spills. The capacity should be sufficient to hold enough volume for their needs, reducing the frequency of emptying. Larger capacity bedpans are ideal for bariatric or heavier patients who require extra support. Also, consider the bedpan’s depth and shape; they should match the patient’s mobility and anatomy for easier positioning and use. Ultimately, ensure the size allows for easy handling and maneuvering by caregivers, especially if they have limited strength or dexterity. Proper sizing enhances comfort, hygiene, and simplifies caregiving tasks.
Spill Prevention Design
When considering bedpan options, spill prevention features play a vital role in maintaining hygiene and reducing messes. A spill-proof bedpan has a wide, sturdy guard or rim that prevents overflow during use, keeping the area clean. Anti-splash designs with curved or contoured edges redirect fluids away from the user and caregiver, minimizing splashes and spills. Some models include a sealed lid or cover that traps odors and prevents accidental spills during transport or when not in use. Non-slip bases or grips secure the bedpan in place, reducing movement that could cause spills. Additionally, using a durable, leak-resistant material like reinforced polypropylene or thick plastic ensures the bedpan can withstand accidental leaks or overflows, offering peace of mind and improved safety.
Ease of Cleaning
Since cleaning is a vital part of maintaining hygiene for bedridden patients, it’s important to contemplate how easy a bedpan is to clean. I look for models with smooth, non-porous surfaces because they’re easier to disinfect thoroughly. Detachable or split designs are a bonus, as they allow me to clean every nook and cranny more efficiently. Compatibility with standard household cleaners makes maintenance straightforward without damaging the material. I also prefer bedpans made from durable, stain-resistant plastics—they resist residue buildup and wipe clean quickly. Features like elevated edges and splash-proof designs help contain messes, reducing my cleaning time and effort. Overall, choosing a bedpan that’s simple to clean guarantees better hygiene and makes the process less intimidating.
Portability & Storage
Portability and storage are essential factors to contemplate when choosing a bedpan for a bedridden patient. I recommend selecting lightweight, compact models that are easy to carry and store, especially if space is limited. Foldable or inflatable bedpans are excellent options—they can be deflated or collapsed for effortless storage when not in use. Look for designs with built-in handles or grip features, which make transportation and repositioning much simpler. Consider the size and shape to ensure easy placement under the patient, reducing maneuvering efforts. Additionally, choose bedpans that can be discreetly stored in bedside drawers, cabinets, or even under the bed to keep the environment tidy. Prioritizing portability and storage helps streamline caregiving and maintains a clutter-free space.
Compatibility With Mobility Devices
Choosing a bedpan that works seamlessly with mobility devices requires careful attention to compatibility factors. First, I check the dimensions and attachment features to ensure the bedpan fits securely with wheelchairs or bedframes. An adjustable or universal fitting lid and handles are essential for accommodating different mobility aids. I look for models with non-slip bases or grips that prevent shifting during use, guaranteeing safety and stability. Lightweight and ergonomic designs are preferable, as they easily slide alongside mobility devices without causing imbalance or discomfort. Additionally, I verify that the material and shape of the bedpan integrate smoothly with existing equipment, making transfers and positioning effortless. Compatibility is vital for safe, practical use and to minimize discomfort for the patient.
Special Needs Adaptations
When selecting bedpans for bedridden patients with unique needs, it’s essential to take into account features that enhance comfort and usability. For patients with different body sizes and shapes, contoured or adjustable bedpans ensure a better fit, increasing comfort. Special features like anti-spill guards or splash-proof designs help contain messes, especially for those with limited mobility or dexterity. Ergonomic handles or grips assist caregivers in positioning or removing the bedpan safely and easily. Lightweight, inflatable, or collapsible models improve portability and storage, making them ideal for patients with mobility restrictions. Additionally, odor control systems or hygienic liners are critical for maintaining hygiene and protecting sensitive skin or reducing infection risks. These adaptations help tailor the bedpan to each patient’s specific needs.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Do I Prevent Odors From Bedpans?
To prevent odors from bedpans, I always make sure to empty and clean them promptly after use. I use disinfectant and rinse thoroughly with warm water, then dry completely before reuse. Adding a small amount of disinfectant or odor-neutralizing tablet can help. Covering the bedpan with a lid or plastic wrap between uses also minimizes smells. Regular cleaning and quick disposal are key to keeping odors at bay.
Are There Eco-Friendly Disposable Bedpan Liners Available?
Did you know that the global waste from disposable products adds up to millions of tons annually? Yes, eco-friendly disposable bedpan liners are available, and I highly recommend them. These liners are made from biodegradable materials, making them a sustainable choice. They help contain messes, reduce odors, and lessen environmental impact, giving you peace of mind while caring for loved ones. It’s a simple step toward greener, more responsible caregiving.
How Can I Ensure Proper Hygiene After Use?
To guarantee proper hygiene after use, I always wear disposable gloves and clean the bedpan thoroughly with warm water and mild soap. I make sure to rinse it well and disinfect it with an appropriate hospital-grade cleaner. After drying, I store it in a clean area or dispose of it if it’s a disposable type. Regular cleaning and proper disposal are key to maintaining hygiene and preventing infections.
What Features Make a Bedpan Easier to Clean?
To make a bedpan easier to clean, I look for smooth, non-porous surfaces that prevent residue buildup. A wide opening and simple shape help me reach all areas easily. Detachable parts or removable lids are a bonus, making thorough cleaning quicker. Lightweight, with a handle or grip, also helps me manage hygiene without much hassle. These features ensure I can keep it clean and sanitary effortlessly.
How Do Different Bedpan Designs Accommodate Various Medical Needs?
Different bedpan designs cater to various medical needs by offering features like higher sides for stability, ergonomic shapes for comfort, and materials that minimize odor and simplify cleaning. I find that some are more suitable for patients with mobility issues, while others are designed for ease of use during emergencies. Choosing the right design helps improve hygiene, comfort, and overall care, making a significant difference for both patients and caregivers.
Conclusion
Choosing the right bedpan can make a big difference in comfort and hygiene. For example, I once helped a patient who struggled with a noisy, uncomfortable pan, which made their care stressful. By selecting a quiet, spill-proof design, their experience improved markedly. Remember, considering factors like size, ease of use, and hygiene features guarantees better comfort for your loved ones and eases your caregiving. It’s all about finding what works best for each individual.
